String manipulation - Revision history

WikiSysop: /* Exercises to be handed in */

2025-10-03T13:53:56Z

Exercises to be handed in

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:53, 3 October 2025
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	== Exercises to be handed in ==		== Exercises to be handed in ==
	# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.		# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.<br><br>
	# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).		# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).<br><br>
	# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.		# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.<br><br>
	# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and puts the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message. Hint: A line that looks like DEFG\|ABC should look like ABCDEFG.		# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and puts the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message. Hint: A line that looks like DEFG\|ABC should look like ABCDEFG.<br><br>
	# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.		# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.<br><br>
	# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.		# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.<br><br>
	# Now write the DNA in the file ''revdna.dat''. Make it look nice, just like ''dna.dat'', i.e. 60 letters per line. This does NOT mean that you should insert newlines in the variable containing your complement strand (contamination of clean data you possibly should use later in the program). It just means that DNA in the output file must have 60 chars per line, just as in the input file.		# Now write the DNA in the file ''revdna.dat''. Make it look nice, just like ''dna.dat'', i.e. 60 letters per line. This does NOT mean that you should insert newlines in the variable containing your complement strand (contamination of clean data you possibly should use later in the program). It just means that DNA in the output file must have 60 chars per line, just as in the input file.<br><br>
	# <font color="#AA00FF">In the file ''dna.fsa'' is the same human DNA in FASTA format. This format is VERY often used in bioinformatics. Look at it using less and get used to the format. Observe the first line which starts with a > and identifies the sequence. The name (AB000410 in this case) MUST uniquely identify a sequence in the file. This is a DNA (actually mRNA) sequence taken from the GenBank database. Now make a program that reverse complements the sequence and writes it into the file ''revdna.fsa'' just like you did in previous assignments. This time you have to keep the first identifying line, so the sequence can be identified. You must add 'ComplementStrand' in the end of that line, though, so you later know that it is the complement strand.<br>Summary: Keep the first line and reverse complement the sequence. Notice that this is a purple exercise; You have make the pseudo code first and hand it in as part of the exercise.</font>		# <font color="#AA00FF">In the file ''dna.fsa'' is the same human DNA in FASTA format. This format is VERY often used in bioinformatics. Look at it using less and get used to the format. Observe the first line which starts with a > and identifies the sequence. The name (AB000410 in this case) MUST uniquely identify a sequence in the file. This is a DNA (actually mRNA) sequence taken from the GenBank database. Now make a program that reverse complements the sequence and writes it into the file ''revdna.fsa'' just like you did in previous assignments. This time you have to keep the first identifying line, so the sequence can be identified. You must add 'ComplementStrand' in the end of that line, though, so you later know that it is the complement strand.<br>Summary: Keep the first line and reverse complement the sequence. Notice that this is a purple exercise; You have make the pseudo code first and hand it in as part of the exercise.</font>

WikiSysop: /* Required course material for the lesson */

2025-09-22T09:57:59Z

Required course material for the lesson

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:57, 22 September 2025
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	\|}		\|}
	== Required course material for the lesson ==		== Required course material for the lesson ==
	Powerpoint: [https://teaching.healthtech.dtu.dk/material/22116/22116_04-~~String~~.ppt String manipulation]<br>		Powerpoint: [https://teaching.healthtech.dtu.dk/material/22116/22116_04-StringManipulation.ppt String manipulation]<br>
	Resource: [[Biological knowledge needed in the course]]<br>		Resource: [[Biological knowledge needed in the course]]<br>
	Resource: [[Example code - Changing tabs to spaces]]<br>		Resource: [[Example code - Changing tabs to spaces]]<br>

WikiSysop: /* Exercises for extra practice */

2025-08-27T19:29:24Z

Exercises for extra practice

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 27 August 2025
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	* Input a DNA line from the keyboard. Now print 3 characters (a codon) on the line vertically, i.e. three char per line downwards. Advance 3 chars at a time. If there is a leftover DNA that can not constitute a codon at the end of the string, do NOT print it. Example: TACCATCGATCAG<br>TAC<br>CAT<br>CGA<br>TCA		* Input a DNA line from the keyboard. Now print 3 characters (a codon) on the line vertically, i.e. three char per line downwards. Advance 3 chars at a time. If there is a leftover DNA that can not constitute a codon at the end of the string, do NOT print it. Example: TACCATCGATCAG<br>TAC<br>CAT<br>CGA<br>TCA
	* Input a sentence (a line) from the keyboard. Write every word on its own line. Example: The answer is 42.<br>The<br>answer<br>is<br>42.		* Input a sentence (a line) from the keyboard. Write every word on its own line. Example: The answer is 42.<br>The<br>answer<br>is<br>42.
	~~Opening files.~~
	* Ask for 2 input file names (''ex1.acc'' & ''ex1.dat'' are good) and an output file name. Copy (read and write) the input files into the output file, one after the other.
	* Ask for 2 input file names (''ex1.acc'' & ''ex1.dat'' are good) and an output file name. Now copy/print the lines in the input files into the output file so that the first line of each input file are merged together with a tab and becomes the first line of the output. Continue that way with all the lines in the input file. A mental picture of what is supposed to happen is this: Imagine the 2 input files to be two pieces of paper with lines. In the exercise before the papers were put one after the other in the output. In this exercise the papers are put next to each other (sideways) in the output.
	* Read the ''mixedlines.txt'' and count how many long lines there are in the file. A long line has more than 30 chars. (60)
	* In ''mixedlines.txt'' how many occurrences for "rna" can you find? (7)
	* In ''mixedlines.txt'' how many lines contain "rna"? (6)

WikiSysop: /* Exercises to be handed in */

2025-08-27T19:05:00Z

Exercises to be handed in

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:05, 27 August 2025
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	# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).		# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).
	# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.		# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.
	# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and puts the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message. Hint: A line that looks like DEFG\|ABC should look ~~line~~ ABCDEFG.		# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and puts the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message. Hint: A line that looks like DEFG\|ABC should look like ABCDEFG.
	# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.		# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.
	# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.		# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.

WikiSysop: /* Exercises to be handed in */

2025-08-27T19:04:32Z

Exercises to be handed in

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:04, 27 August 2025
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	# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).		# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).
	# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.		# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.
	# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and puts the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message.		# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and puts the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message. Hint: A line that looks like DEFG\|ABC should look line ABCDEFG.
	# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.		# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.
	# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.		# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.

WikiSysop: /* Exercises to be handed in */

2025-08-27T18:49:32Z

Exercises to be handed in

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:49, 27 August 2025
Line 18:		Line 18:
	# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).		# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).
	# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.		# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.
	# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and ~~put~~ the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message.		# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and puts the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message.
	# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.		# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.
	# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.		# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.

WikiSysop: /* Exercises to be handed in */

2025-08-27T18:49:04Z

Exercises to be handed in

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:49, 27 August 2025
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	# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.		# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.
	# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).		# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).
	# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that reads the file and reveals the message.		# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that asks for an file name, reads the file and reveals the message.
			# The secrecy just got worse. The lines in the ''secret2.txt'' file has also been split a random place and switched with each other. Fortunately there is a char '\|' that shows where a line was split. Make a program that asks for an input filename and a output filename, then reads the input file, identifies where the split is and put the line back in order again, and saves the corrected lines in the output file. Now you can use your program in the previous exercise to reveal the message.
	# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.		# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.
	# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.		# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.

WikiSysop: /* Exercises to be handed in */

2025-08-27T18:20:11Z

Exercises to be handed in

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 27 August 2025
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	# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.		# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.
	# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).		# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).
	# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode ~~umber~~ to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that reads the file and reveals the message.		# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode number to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that reads the file and reveals the message.
	# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.		# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.
	# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.		# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.

WikiSysop: /* Exercises to be handed in */

2025-08-27T18:18:24Z

Exercises to be handed in

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:18, 27 August 2025
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	# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.		# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.
	# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).		# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).
	# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode umber to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that reveals the message.		# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode umber to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that reads the file and reveals the message.
	# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.		# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.
	# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.		# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.

WikiSysop: /* Exercises to be handed in */

2025-08-27T18:17:27Z

Exercises to be handed in

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:17, 27 August 2025
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	# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.		# Write a program that counts the number of negative numbers in ''ex1.dat'' file. Display the result, which is 3272. Hint: Think about what defines a negative number.
	# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).		# Write a program that converts temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius or visa versa given input like "36F" of "15C" ( F = (C * 9/5) + 32 ).
	# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode umber to a space, and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag (~~so ' ' and~~ '#'). Make a program that reveals the message.		# Enter the world of spies. In the file ''secret.txt'' is a hidden message. You can find it by replacing every char with an even Unicode umber to a space (' '), and chars with odd numbers to a hash tag ('#'). Make a program that reveals the message.
	# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.		# This and the rest of the exercises aims to make the reverse complement string (called "complement strand") of DNA. They are building up in complexity, but every exercise must stand alone, i.e. NOT be dependent on what the previous exercises achieved but start over every time in order to be a coherent product.<br>There is some human DNA in the ''dna.dat'' file. Read the file and put all the DNA in one variable. Now complement the DNA and store it in other variable. Display and ensure that it works. HINT: Complementing means changing all A's to T's, T's to A's, C's to G's and G's to C's.
	# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.		# Now reverse the DNA after complementing it. Reverse means last letter (base) should be the first, next to last should be the second, and so forth. Display.